International Comparative Jurisprudence
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence
<p><strong>Aim.</strong> <em>International Comparative Jurisprudence</em> (ICJ) focuses on comparative studies of legal theory, regulation, and practice, and provides a forum for the exchange of research-based solutions. </p> <p><strong>Scope of publication.</strong> The journal is open for the contributions of the doctrinal and empirical research in: (i) Philosophy of Law; (ii) International Law; (iii) Public Law; (iv) Private Law.</p> <p><strong>Publishing regularity</strong>. Journal publishes 2 issues per year. One issue is published in June and one in December, with a set of minimum 6 and maximum 10 articles per issue. As well, under the decision of the Editorial Board special issues may be published.</p> <p><strong>Peer review.</strong> Submitted articles are reviewed by applying the double-blind method (the identities of the author(s) and reviewers are kept unknown). Each article is appointed at least two referees (scientists with a degree in the relevant field).</p> <p><strong>Indexation.</strong> The academic journal <em><em>International Comparative Jurisprudence</em></em> is included in the Scopus, Heinonline, EBSCO Publishing, Inc., DOAJ, C.E.E.O.L. international databases.</p> <p><em>This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.</em></p>Mykolo Romerio UniversitasenInternational Comparative Jurisprudence2351-6674<p>Authors contributing to <em>International Comparative Jurisprudence</em> agree to publish their articles under a <strong><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public (CC BY-NC-ND)</a> License</strong>, allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.<br /><br /><br /><br /></p>FREE, PRIOR, INFORMED CONSENT AS A LEGAL PRINCIPLE AND ITS LINK TO THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7900
<p>In two judgments on the judicial review of the Law Concerning Minerals and Coals and the Law Concerning Forestry that related to the existence of indigenous peoples, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia did not recognize free, prior, informed consent (FPIC) as a consideration, even though this concept was discussed in court. The Court emphasized the importance of first proving the existence of indigenous peoples and that indigenous peoples that no longer exist should not be revived. This argument carries the risk of putting aside the possibility to exist of indigenous peoples that may still try to exist after having been expelled or forced out of their territories. FPIC as a legal principle is rooted in the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples who are vulnerable to losing their living space when dealing with the State in the name of public interest and development. This right to self-determination is in line with freedom of conscience, where the recognition of indigenous and tribal peoples means the recognition of a set of expressions of values, beliefs, and ways of life of a community group. Thus, the aim of this article is to discuss the essence of free, prior, informed consent as a legal principle in Indonesian law and its link to the universal right to freedom of conscience as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights. In the end, the paper concludes that both legal concepts are closely linked, particularly when it comes to indigenous communities and their rights. Both legal concepts are crucial to safeguarding the rights of these communities to preserve their identity, the ways of its expression, and other practices.</p>
PUBLIC LAWIman PrihandonoEkawestri Prajwalita WidiatiJuozas Valčiukas
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2918219610.13165/j.icj.2023.12.003THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSACTION AVOIDANCE IN EUROPEAN UNION INSOLVENCY LAW
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7908
<p>Transaction avoidance is part of insolvency proceedings. The successful application of the rules on transaction avoidance allows the value of the debtor’s assets to be maximised, and thus increases the satisfaction of creditors’ claims. In the European Union, the substantive rules on insolvency law still are a matter of the national laws of Member States. However, trends in the policy-making actions of the European Union reveal that various initiatives have been proposed to establish certain rules on transaction avoidance which should increase recovery rates for creditors and contribute to the proper functioning of the domestic market. This article focuses on the general aims of transaction avoidance and provides a critical assessment of the proposed harmonisation of the rules on transaction avoidance in European Union law. The authors found that the proposed rules on the harmonisation of transaction avoidance rules in European Union insolvency law may actually discourage businesses regarding the exercise of the freedom of establishment, and may also intervene in the substantive insolvency and civil law regulations of Member States.</p>
PRIVATE LAWDarius BolzanasRemigijus JokubauskasMarek Świerczyński
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2923725010.13165/j.icj.2023.12.007LEGISLATIVE PERSPECTIVES AND SOCIOMEDICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL TOURISM IN EUROPE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7907
<p>This research aims to intricately dissect the legal frameworks governing medical tourism in Europe, compare regulatory experiences across different countries, and highlight the legal nuances within the broader sociological and anthropological context. In the article, a multi-faceted methodology is employed to analyze legal aspects of medical tourism in European countries, focusing on the evolution, regulatory frameworks, and economic dynamics of the industry. This approach includes a comparative statistical analysis of national and EU regulation, historical perspectives, and legal hermeneutics to interpret laws affecting both domestic and foreign patients in the realm of medical tourism. The main research results are the clarification of the historical aspect of the development of medical tourism in the world, the distinction of its specific categories, and the provision of statistics regarding what specific types of medical care people migrate for. The way in which medical tourism is regulated in such European countries as Poland, Germany and France is explored. The research results can be used by lawyers, sociologists, and legislators to improve the effectiveness of legislation in regard to domestic and foreign medical tourism in the studied countries.</p>
PUBLIC LAWEnkela HoxhaValbona Hobdari Hobdari
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2922623610.13165/j.icj.2023.12.006THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON SURROGACY IN UKRAINE: QUO VADIS?
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7906
<p>Ukraine is one of the few countries in Europe that allows surrogacy for both its own citizens and foreigners. It is a very attractive destination for reproductive tourism because of its convenient geographical position, good level of medical services and moderate prices; moreover, legal regulation on surrogacy in Ukraine is fragmentary as no special law on human reproduction has yet been adopted.<br />This paper aims to uncover the conditions for surrogacy in Ukraine alongside the gaps in the current Ukrainian legislation and to compare the Ukrainian legislation on surrogacy with the legislation of European countries. The author also aspires to analyze the recent draft laws on assisted human reproduction that have been submitted for consideration to the Ukrainian parliament. Another purpose of the article is to formulate the legal problems of the surrogacy industry in the early wartime. The principal result of the paper is that the need for detailed regulation surrounding surrogacy is pressing, and the adoption of special laws on assisted human reproduction by the Ukrainian parliament would be a significant step forward. The author concludes that the regulation of surrogacy in Ukraine is very liberal in comparison with the rules of most of the countries of Western Europe, where surrogacy is banned. At the end of 2021 and during 2022–2023, four different draft laws dedicated to assisted human reproduction were considered by the Ukrainian parliament. Despite the fact that the legislative work calendar of the Ukrainian parliament provided that the relevant law should be adopted in 2023, on May 3, 2023, the Ukrainian parliament rejected all of the abovementioned drafts. It is expected that other drafts will be elaborated and submitted in the nearest future. The war initiated by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, has greatly affected the reality of surrogacy. The emergency evacuation of surrogates and difficulties in obtaining transportation documents and birth certificates for children born after surrogacy are just some of the problems faced by both intended parents and agencies. These problems will not cease until the war is over.</p>
PUBLIC LAWKateryna Moskalenko
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2920922510.13165/j.icj.2023.12.005EXPLORING THE IDEAL LEGAL MODEL OF STATE SUPERVISION FOR LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT AND MUNICIPAL RULEMAKING FOR UKRAINE: INSIGHTS FROM THE EU
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7903
<p>This scholarly investigation conducts a comparative legal analysis to identify the optimal model for state supervision of local self government and municipal rulemaking in Ukraine, with a focus on European Union (EU) practices. The study's dual objectives are to enhance theoretical understanding of local self-governance aligned with international legal norms, and to contribute to the jurisprudential development of local governance in Ukraine, particularly in the context of European integration. Employing a methodical approach, the research juxtaposes international standards with current literature to identify effective state supervision models. This involves analyzing legal and policy frameworks at both national and EU levels, alongside case studies from diverse governance systems, to evaluate their suitability for the Ukrainian context. The findings underscore the importance of a coherent, well-defined supervision model in improving the efficacy of local governance mechanisms in Ukraine. The study emphasizes the need for a legal framework that resonates with international standards, yet is tailored to Ukraine’s unique legal and political landscape. In conclusion, the research advocates for Ukraine's adoption of an optimal state supervision model, incorporating best practices from the EU and considering domestic realities. Such a model is essential not only for advancing local governance but also for ensuring national resilience and stability amid ongoing reforms and external challenges, including economic and geopolitical pressures.</p>
PUBLIC LAWOleh PetryshynMaryna PetryshynaAndrejus NovikovasDmytro Boichuk
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2919720810.13165/j.icj.2023.12.004FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE IN A GLOBALISED WORLD – RESPECT FOR OR A THREAT TO RELIGIOUS BOOKS?
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7899
<p>The aim of this article is to examine the scope of freedom of conscience in the globalised world and whether it could be classified as a serious threat to peace and security or a safeguard for the sanctity of religious books. Freedom of conscience is a human right that is essential in the modern world as it allows individuals to hold and express their beliefs and values, regardless of their origin. However, the globalisation process has created challenges to the exercise of this right. Therefore, while freedom of conscience remains an essential human right in a globalised world, it is important that governments and civil societies take precautionary steps to ensure that this constitutional right is maintained and respected, and that individuals are able to exercise their conscience freely, without fear of discrimination or persecution. This may also include measures relating to the promotion of education and public dialogue on diversity and tolerance, the enactment of laws that protect freedom of religion, and holding accountable those who violate these rights.</p>
INTERNATIONAL LAWLaith K. Nasrawin
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2917018110.13165/j.icj.2023.12.002THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON LEGAL DECISION-MAKING
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7898
<p>This research paper aims to explore the growing influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on legal decision-making processes. The increasing availability of AI technologies and their potential to analyse large volumes of legal data have sparked debates and raised questions regarding their role in shaping the future of the legal profession. This study investigates the implications of AI for various aspects of legal decision-making, including case analysis, the prediction of outcomes, and legal research. By employing a multidisciplinary approach that combines legal analysis, technological assessment, and ethical considerations, the research examines the benefits and challenges associated with integrating AI into the legal system. The methods employed in this study include a comprehensive review of existing literature, an analysis of case studies, and an exploration of the ethical implications of AI adoption in legal decision-making processes. The findings of this research contribute to the understanding of the potential benefits and limitations of AI in the legal field, as well as the safeguards and ethical guidelines required to ensure its responsible and effective use.</p>
LEGAL PHILOSOPHYAnatolii P. n GetmanOleg M. YaroshenkoRoman V. ShapovalRoman Ye. ProkopievMaryna I. Demura
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-12-292023-12-2915516910.13165/j.icj.2023.12.001IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INVENTIVE STEP UNDER THE EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION RELATED TO THE INCREASING APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CERTIFICATION AS A SUI GENERIS PROTECTION MECHANISM FOR CREATIONS INVOLVING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7650
<p>The purpose of this article is to observe whether the European Patent Convention avails protection for creations involving <br>Machine Learning regarding its current and future development. The article analyzes in more detail the notion of compliance with the <br>requirement of an inventive step under the European Patent Convention when using Machine Learning becomes routine. The article <br>concludes that, due to the specifics of Machine Learning, comprehensive protection for creations involving it would require conceptual <br>amendments to the European Patent Convention. The author argues that instead of fundamentally amending the European Patent <br>Convention, certification as a sui generis protection mechanism for creations involving Machine Learning could be a potential solution. <br>The article further builds on and develops current academic proposals, providing an overview of the wider framework. The paper relies on<br>the descriptive, analytical, historical and comparative legal methods to substantiate the main argument.</p>
PRIVATE LAWLiva Rudzite
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.010BEYOND TRADITIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: THE NECESSITY AND POSSIBILITIES OF STRENGTHENING THE PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS THROUGH ITS INTEGRATION INTO THE MODERN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SYSTEM
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7649
<p>The events of recent years, including the Russian Federation’s aggression, China’s intellectual property (IP) violations, and <br />production localization fostered by the COVID-19 pandemic, have created a new global era in the field of IP enforcement and international <br />trade relations. Russia has openly declared its intention to violate IP belonging to “unfriendly countries” (Western countries). This raises <br />the issue of whether the existing patent system can handle these challenges. Namely, patenting involves the publication of an invention, <br />which makes its misappropriation easy. The trends described above require specific adaptions for Western countries, as a result of which <br />the author argues that the role of trade secret protection has become more prominent. However, assessing the suitability of trade secret <br />protection in this changed environment is critical. Therefore, this article aims to first evaluate the current system of protecting trade secrets<br />and then make suggestions to improve it.</p>
PRIVATE LAWLisette Põld
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.009PROBLEMS REGARDING COMPENSATION FOR THE BREACH OF THE RIGHT TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7648
<p>States have an obligation to ensure that criminal proceedings last for a reasonable time. If this obligation is not fulfilled, the <br>damage suffered by the person must be effectively compensated. This article aims to determine whether effective compensation for <br>violations of excessively long criminal proceedings is ensured in Lithuania. In order to achieve this goal, the legal regulation of Lithuania <br>is analyzed through the prism of the criteria formed by the ECtHR, and is compared with that of other EU countries. The research shows<br>that in other European countries, unlike in Lithuania, the right to compensation for damage caused by the excessively long duration of <br>criminal proceedings is directly enshrined in legal acts, or compensation is provided in accordance with special legal instruments. The <br>article reaches the conclusion that – although, in the ECtHR’s assessment, the practice of Lithuanian courts can be considered an effective <br>remedy for the protection of the right enshrined in Article 6 (1) of the ECHR – the legal regulation of Lithuania is insufficient. Considering <br>the position of international institutions and the practice of other European countries, the conclusions of this article suggest that the clear <br>and unambiguous right of a person to compensation for material and non-material damage caused by excessively long criminal proceedings<br>should be enshrined.</p>
PUBLIC LAWMarijus ŠalčiusCsongor Herke
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.008NAVIGATING INDONESIA’S GOLDEN VISA SCHEME THROUGH COMPARATIVE LEGAL POLICY ANALYSIS
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7647
<p>As more governments implement Golden Visa programs to attract foreign investment, this strategy provides countries with <br>economic benefits, as well as risks associated with transnational crime and the legal system. Through comparative benchmarking and case <br>studies, this article tries to bridge the gap in order to establish the optimal Golden Visa system for Indonesia. This study will provide <br>insights into the most suitable scheme that Indonesia can implement by assessing the benefits and problems of different citizenship by <br>investment programs in Portugal, Spain, and Malta. This article will present the best schemes for Indonesia based on a qualitative doctrinal <br>comparative analysis technique, considering many legal and socioeconomic parameters such as investment thresholds, processing time, <br>residence restrictions, and return on investment. This research suggests that Indonesia, demographically, needs more investors to provide <br>more jobs, as Indonesia has a workforce of more than 117 million and maintains its economic stability to grow at a rate of 5% per year. <br>Furthermore, in terms of legal gaps, Indonesia does not have any legal basis to provide visas for more than 5 years, as regulated in <br>Immigration Law No.6/2011. Thus, an additional legal framework is required. Based on these findings, the paper will provide case studies <br>of investors who have successfully navigated the Golden Visa process in Indonesia, shedding insight on the practical aspects of the <br>application procedure as well as how to optimize investment outcomes.</p>
PUBLIC LAWMohammad Thoriq Bahri
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.007LEGAL PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL ENTITIES OF PUBLIC LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7646
<p>Since the institution of public legal entities plays an important role in contemporary society, both in the state and in the economic <br>development of countries, there is a need to clear up its legal status and specifics. The lack of a clear, universally accepted classification <br>criterion for distinguishing between legal entities under public law and legal entities under private law leads to difficulties in determining <br>their legal status and resolving civil disputes involving public law entities. An evaluation of the current theoretical provisions regarding <br>legal entities is required for the development of their further improvement, as well as for their adaptation to market relations and free <br>entrepreneurship. This study aims to identify: the specific features of legal entities in public law; the main peculiarities that can be used to <br>distinguish legal entities established under public law from legal entities established under private law; the criteria underlying the selection <br>of legal entities; as well as the status of research on the institution of public law legal entities in France, Germany and Ukraine. The result <br>of this scientific paper is elucidation of the significance of the classification of legal entities under public law as participants in civil legal <br>relations. This research highlights the importance of clearly defining and consolidating legal entities under public law in regulatory <br>documents to streamline litigation processes, using the notion of their purpose as a comprehensive classification criterion and drawing on <br>the benefits observed in the exhaustive lists of public-law entities in France and Germany.</p>
PUBLIC LAWViktoriia PiddubnaАnatoliy StativkaGanna Korniyenko
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.006THE LEGALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY COVID-19 GREEN PASSES IN LITHUANIA AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7643
<p><span id="page3R_mcid24" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*95.30px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.981739);" role="presentation">The aim of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*138.74px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">t</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*141.26px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">h</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*145.82px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912273);" role="presentation">is</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*154.58px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.959231);" role="presentation">article</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*179.90px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.909546);" role="presentation">is</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*188.81px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.95875);" role="presentation">to</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*198.53px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.979468);" role="presentation">provide</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*229.01px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.956208);" role="presentation">a comparative analysis of the regulation of the Opportunity Passport (</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*485.62px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936158);" role="presentation">hereinafter OP</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*541.78px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">–</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*549.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*442.76px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*453.20px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.03109);" role="presentation">COVID</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*85.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*453.20px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*88.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*453.20px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.94632);" role="presentation">19 health status certificate) in Lithuania and an analogous document in the Czech Republic, and the legality of the limitatio</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*533.74px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*453.20px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.89125);" role="presentation">ns on</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*463.52px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.953354);" role="presentation">human rights that were imposed by such rules. It describes the regulation</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*328.15px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*463.52px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">s</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*334.63px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*463.52px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.970473);" role="presentation">imposed by the Lithuanian</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*436.15px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*463.52px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.943954);" role="presentation">and Czech institutions and</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*536.74px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*463.52px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.97125);" role="presentation">their</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*473.84px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954931);" role="presentation">development. Further, the requirement of the legality of limitations o</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*304.49px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*473.84px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">n</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*311.21px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*473.84px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.89693);" role="presentation">human rights is discussed</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*405.55px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*473.84px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.956029);" role="presentation">in the context of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*466.30px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*473.84px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.951211);" role="presentation">its application to the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*541.54px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*473.84px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.87);" role="presentation">OP</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.99512);" role="presentation">regulation, taking into consideration the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Co</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*354.31px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.03939);" role="presentation">urt of Lithuania.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*419.71px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">T</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*425.23px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.982881);" role="presentation">he article</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*463.90px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.885);" role="presentation">also</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*482.14px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.919756);" role="presentation">analyses the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*531.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*484.16px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.959211);" role="presentation">Tečka</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.965548);" role="presentation">application,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*101.42px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.924783);" role="presentation">which was</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*142.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.919147);" role="presentation">used for analogous purposes in the Czech Republic,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*332.11px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.95);" role="presentation">in terms of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*373.87px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.924156);" role="presentation">its legal bas</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*416.59px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.914615);" role="presentation">is and</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*440.50px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.914754);" role="presentation">problems</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*476.38px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.94075);" role="presentation">related to</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*512.74px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*494.60px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.985809);" role="presentation">the legality</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*504.92px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.970471);" role="presentation">of human rights violations. The critical analytical</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*238.73px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*504.92px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.960174);" role="presentation">method allow</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*288.29px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*504.92px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.929717);" role="presentation">s for an analysis</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*349.99px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*504.92px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.04875);" role="presentation">of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*360.07px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*504.92px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936822);" role="presentation">Lithuanian and Czech legislation on the management</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.953365);" role="presentation">of the pandemic</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*116.18px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*121.46px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936258);" role="presentation">the establishment of so</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*206.45px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*209.45px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.941766);" role="presentation">called green passports, and the relevant jurisprudence of the courts</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*456.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*461.26px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.95837);" role="presentation">leading</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*490.78px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.03207);" role="presentation">to well</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*516.22px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*519.22px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*515.24px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.922377);" role="presentation">grounded</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.911342);" role="presentation">conclusions.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*104.54px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.955469);" role="presentation">This method is</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*162.62px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91125);" role="presentation">also emp</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*195.53px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.992314);" role="presentation">loyed in the analysis of scientific literature, which allow</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*404.11px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">s</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*410.59px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.872213);" role="presentation">concerns</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*445.54px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9725);" role="presentation">to</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*455.62px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.890625);" role="presentation">be</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*467.14px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.937308);" role="presentation">reveal</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*489.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.88125);" role="presentation">ed</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*500.62px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.942049);" role="presentation">regarding</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*538.06px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*525.56px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.893571);" role="presentation">data</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*536.03px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.937393);" role="presentation">protection in the process of the execution of the above</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*253.13px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*536.03px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*256.13px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*536.03px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.933312);" role="presentation">mentioned provisions. The comparative method</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*431.23px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*536.03px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.952683);" role="presentation">allows</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*457.06px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*536.03px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.913971);" role="presentation">the authors to compare the</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*546.35px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.926679);" role="presentation">practice of the selec</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*129.50px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*546.35px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.932209);" role="presentation">ted two states in the management of the pandemic and in the adoption of green passports.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*459.22px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*546.35px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.955588);" role="presentation">The article</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*500.86px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*546.35px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912789);" role="presentation">concludes that</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*556.67px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.93856);" role="presentation">both documents regarding health status during the COVID</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*268.01px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*556.67px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*271.01px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*556.67px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.929521);" role="presentation">19 pandemic had similar aims and were introduced at similar times.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*517.90px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*556.67px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.972798);" role="presentation">However,</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.918529);" role="presentation">the lega</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*84.74px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.980756);" role="presentation">l regulation of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*137.42px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9225);" role="presentation">the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*150.50px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.983182);" role="presentation">Lithuanian</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*191.57px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.87);" role="presentation">OP</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*205.13px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.890313);" role="presentation">has not</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*232.73px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.966316);" role="presentation">yet</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*245.81px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.903956);" role="presentation">been analysed by the courts</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*344.59px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*348.91px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.978267);" role="presentation">In Lithuania, the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*410.23px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.985714);" role="presentation">legality of the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*461.98px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.87);" role="presentation">OP</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*475.54px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.860556);" role="presentation">was</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*491.50px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.916479);" role="presentation">questioned</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*532.66px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*566.99px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.8475);" role="presentation">based</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*577.43px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.959552);" role="presentation">on the fact that the relevant law</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*174.98px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*577.43px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.94375);" role="presentation">on</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*186.77px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*577.43px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91275);" role="presentation">the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*200.33px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*577.43px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.971727);" role="presentation">protection of public health</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*299.21px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*577.43px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912818);" role="presentation">contains</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*331.87px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*577.43px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.968684);" role="presentation">only succinct provisions on the limitation of human rights in</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9245);" role="presentation">such situations, and the question remains</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*209.33px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.895313);" role="presentation">as to</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*229.37px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.930288);" role="presentation">whether</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*261.17px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9225);" role="presentation">these provisions</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*322.63px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.956723);" role="presentation">were sufficient for such</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*412.03px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01868);" role="presentation">limitation</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*446.98px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">s</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*450.46px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*455.50px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.950102);" role="presentation">In the Czech Republic,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*542.02px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*587.75px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9225);" role="presentation">the</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*598.07px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.910078);" role="presentation">concern was raised about the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*163.94px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*598.07px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0004);" role="presentation">authority of the Ministry of Health to</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*301.61px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*598.07px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.876875);" role="presentation">issue such documents as</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*392.47px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*598.07px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.973286);" role="presentation">it had</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*415.39px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*598.07px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.926538);" role="presentation">no legal basis. Furthermore,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*519.10px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*598.07px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.898333);" role="presentation">questions</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*56.64px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*608.39px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.988065);" role="presentation">of privacy</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*95.78px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*608.39px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.957941);" role="presentation">in the context of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*156.74px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*608.39px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91275);" role="presentation">the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*169.94px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*608.39px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.895612);" role="presentation">Czech health passport</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*251.33px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*608.39px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.927439);" role="presentation">were also pertinent</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: calc(var(--scale-factor)*319.87px); top: calc(var(--scale-factor)*608.39px); font-size: calc(var(--scale-factor)*9.00px); font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span></span></p>
PUBLIC LAWVioleta VasiliauskienėBirutė PranevičienėLenka ScheuFilip Dostál
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.005THE IMPORTANCE OF WELL-ADJUSTED PUBLIC REGULATION AND THE IMPACT OF DEFICIENCIES ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE STATE IN CRISIS SITUATIONS – THE EXAMPLE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7642
<p>This article is dedicated to the importance of well-adjusted public regulation and the impact of deficiencies on the functioning <br>of the state in crisis situations, using the example of the Czech Republic. The present article focuses on those parts of the constitutional <br>system of the Czech Republic (in comparison with other comparable countries) which regulate special procedures in ensuring the security <br>of the state and the fulfilment of international obligations, for example in the field of common defence against attack. Some of the provisions <br>analysed have not yet been applied, while others have and there is sufficient evidence from their daily application and practice. The first <br>group of cases includes the procedure for declaring a state of war, which is a legal condition for the application of a number of measures <br>necessary for the defence of the state and the support of treaty allies. The second group includes in particular the issue of sending the Czech <br>Armed Forces abroad, which is closely related to the Czech Republic’s obligations towards NATO and its VJTF forces. The constitutional <br>procedure for the approval of flights of foreign armed forces over the territory of the Czech Republic is not feasible in its current form. A <br>legal comparison shows the importance of balanced constitutional and legal regulation on the one hand. On the other hand, the potential <br>problems that, under the rule of law, inappropriate legal regulation can bring not only for the state itself, but also for its partners in the <br>international community are highlighted. The article presents, through comparative legal methods, the notion that that although most <br>European states with a parliamentary form of government are rather restrained players in the use of armed forces outside their territory, a <br>significant proportion of them do give the executive the possibility to dispose of these armed forces. This can only occur if necessary, with <br>subsequent parliamentary control, and not under the full control of the parliament through its consent given in advance.<br>Possible proposals to address the problems described are also offered. The analysis shows that, in comparison with other states with similar <br>sizes, power, history and needs, political representation in the Czech Republic is in a kind of mental trap. This could even complicate the <br>fulfilment not only of the security interests of the state, but also of its obligations to its partners in the international community.</p>
PUBLIC LAWJan Kudrna
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.004THE CONCEPT OF A JUDGMENT UNDER THE BRUSSELS IBIS REGULATION
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7641
<p>The Brussels Ibis Regulation (hereinafter – the Regulation) established the free movement of judgments and mutual trust in civil <br>and commercial matters among Member States. However, the Regulation does not provide a clear answer as to whether all decisions of the <br>courts of Member States fall within the scope of this regulation. Although the Regulation introduces the concept of a judgment, it provides <br>only a list of exemplary court documents, which is not exhaustive. This article analyzes the criteria by which the decisions of Member <br>States must be evaluated to ensure their enforceability is recognized across borders. The article also suggests one broad interpretation of <br>the requirement for a court decision to be rendered in adversarial proceedings in order to also include default judgments, court orders and <br>court settlements therein. The author submits that only such a wide interpretation meets the goals of Regulation and is aligned with the <br>political will it enshrines. Finally, the article analyzes whether the decisions of Member States made based on the decisions of third States<br>or in matters of their recognition fall within the scope of application of the Regulation.</p>
INTERNATIONAL LAWMykolas KirkutisVigintas VišinskisJelena Čuveljak
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.003THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD IN THE CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURTS: EXPERIENCE FOR EU MEMBER STATES AND CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7640
<p>The protection of the rights of the child is a universal, global issue in the modern world. In a democratic society, a certain <br>minimum standard of children’s rights protection must be warrantied and ensured regardless of national specificities. A number of <br>international mechanisms have been created by the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. The EU Member <br>States jointly respect the universal values of human dignity, freedom, equality, solidarity, and democracy as adopted in the Charter of <br>Fundamental Rights of the EU. An integral part of this standard is being developed through the relevant EU legal acts and caselaw. They <br>form part of the general principles of EU law and should also be considered binding in the acceding countries. The role of the European <br>Court of Human Rights, as well as the Court of Justice of the European Union, is essential in the interpretation of child rights in Europe <br>and in raising the standard for their protection. The purpose of this article is a comparative study of the practice of two European courts on <br>child rights, as well as the child rights protection system in Lithuania, a Member State of the European Union, and Georgia, a potential <br>candidate country. This research provides conclusions as to what similar and different approaches exist in the two European courts and <br>what is important for Georgia when approaching these standards in the process of European integration.</p>
INTERNATIONAL LAWMagda Japharidze
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.002THE LEGAL STATUS OF CHURCH PEWS IN CERTAIN CIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONS
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7639
<p>Objects of common use in various houses of worship, one of which is a place in a church (church pew), suggest that parishioners have the right to use them, often for quite a long period of time. However, do parishioners have property rights to a place in a church? How can disputes about the inheritance of a place in a church be resolved? In what area of legal regulation does this issue lie? The historical judicial practice of different countries around the world is quite rich in such examples, with the oldest surviving in collections dating back to the 16th century. Moreover, courts have come to quite varied conclusions about the legal status of a place in a church, property rights to it (if any, and whether recognised by law or custom), issues of its inheritance, the right of the church leadership to seize a place in a church from the previous owner and transfer it to other parishioners, and other disputes. It should be noted that in the historical judicial practice of the Republic of Lithuania – namely in judgment of the Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Lithuania No. 107 (1927) – the issue of the possession and inheritance of a place in a synagogue was also raised. The historical jurisprudence of various countries shows a very rich range of sources of law being applied in such disputes – from customary and proprietary to civil and ecclesiastical law. The authors primarily use the historical-legal method within this article, including the method of interpreting legal norms relating to legal status and proprietary or inheritance rights regarding church pews.</p>
LEGAL PHILOSOPHYAnatoliy A. LytvynenkoJevgenij G. Machovenko
Copyright (c) 2023 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2023-06-222023-06-2210.13165/j.icj.2023.06.001THE PATH TO THE INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATED FUNDS SEIZURE IN UKRAINE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7419
<p>This article addresses the procedure of the automated seizure of a debtor’s funds in Ukraine in the process of enforcement of judgements of all categories. Similar mechanisms provided for in European countries are also studied for the sake of comparison and with a view to using the best international practices to improve Ukrainian law. One of the core drawbacks of the existing mechanism is considered to be the lack of a consolidated register of individuals’ bank accounts. This hinders the effective detection of the debtor’s account and may lead to the duplication of funds seizure whenever a person holds two or more accounts in different financial institutions. The legal framework for the procedure is aimed at striking a balance between the interests of the creditors and the debtor. In this vein, there are several ways to safeguard the debtor from disproportionate burden. According to existing rules, some of categories of income cannot be seized. However, it might be more effective to set a minimum amount of funds that must be safe from seizure. The other flaw in the operation of the system is the lack of instant communication between enforcement officers and banking institutions.</p>
PRIVATE LAWYurii PrytykaLiubov Maliarchuk
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.007DIDACTICS AND THE VIEWS OF STUDENTS IN LITHUANIA, UKRAINE, AND POLAND ON THE NECESSITY OF STUDYING CRIMINALISTICS DISCIPLINES
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7417
<p>The paper is dedicated to the comparative research of the views of the students representing the universities of three countries in terms of usefulness (necessity) of studying the criminalistic disciplines for future legal professionals. The core of this research is a coordinated and unified questionnaire study of 758 students from three Universities in Lithuania (Mykolas Romeris University), Ukraine (Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University) and Poland (University of Wroclaw). Modern pedagogics considers students to be not only future professionals, but likewise active participants in improving the didactic process. In recent decades, criminalistics has become increasingly important. This paper is a fragment of a broader study that is aimed not only at investigating the current situation in the criminalistic didactics of these countries in the run-up to the creation of a single European criminalistic space, but it is likewise aimed at future professionals, educators and managers of educational institutions, who are to implement this idea. The paper is not only a presentation of law students’ views on expediency and necessity of studying criminalistics and other disciplines of criminalistic orientation important for their future professional activities, but it should likewise become a kind of guide to action for teachers and administration of universities, i.e. to improve substantive and organizational as well as methodological aspects of criminalistic didactics. The given technique of research of students’ views can be successfully applied when addressing the problems of teaching other disciplines.</p>
PUBLIC LAWHenryk MalewskiEgidijus Vidmantas KurapkaSnieguolė MatulienėValery ShepitkoMykhaylo ShepitkoRafał Cieśla
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.006REMOTE CRIMINAL TRIAL – FAIR TRIAL?
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7416
<p>One of the most important procedural rights of the individual, without which it would be impossible to defend all other potentially violated individual rights, including those potentially violated during a pandemic, is the constitutional right to a court enshrined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 47 of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. The health crisis has plagued many judicial systems in the absence of specific regulations that would provide a clear answer to the question of how to pursue justice in court, and especially to what extent it is possible to use the form of remote – working. This article, analyzes the question of whether the entire criminal trial can take place remotely and, if yes, whether remote criminal trial meets the requirements of due process: both substantive and procedural. The article analyzes the basic requirements of a fair trial, such as the right to be present and be heard, the right to defense; the right to trial within a reasonable time; the right to a public trial. However, even after all issues have been resolved, a more in-depth discussion on the compliance of entire remote criminal proceedings with the principles of a fair trial is needed. The practical analysis of the scientific problem is based mainly on the legal regulation of ECHR and relevant case law of the ECtHR, as well as the experience of two well-known to the authors jurisdictions - Lithuania and Ukraine - in the context of the pandemic.</p>
PUBLIC LAWRima AžubalytėIvan Titko
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.005A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INFORMED CONSENT LEGISLATION IN UKRAINIAN AND LATVIAN LEGISLATION AND CASE LAW
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7415
<p>Informed consent is one of the key principles in safeguarding human rights in the sphere of healthcare. It presupposes the expression of the patient’s free will relating to his medical examinations, treatment and diagnostic procedures, as well as the physician’s duty to inform the patient on the forthcoming medical interventions, including the facts regarding the potential risks of these medical interventions. This principle is one of the elements of contemporary medical law, which has marked the transfer from paternalistic medicine to a modern model of medicine, where the patient is an active participant in the process of medical treatment. In this paper, the authors illustrate the legal aspects of safeguarding the patient’s right to informed consent in the legislation and legal practices of Ukraine and the Republic of Latvia. The institute of informed consent, which needs to be safeguarded, as a key element of the legitimacy of a medical intervention (such as surgery, or vaccination), requires a specific form of fulfillment, which is conducted in writing. A medical intervention, excluding cases of emergency, is legitimate only when the consent of the patient is provided; unconsented medical interventions frequently cause lawsuits, where plaintiffs seek to recover damages for performance of a medical intervention without their informed consent. The authors have highlighted these issues while commenting on the recent case law of the Supreme Court of Ukraine and the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia.</p>
PUBLIC LAWAnatoliy A. LytvynenkoIryna Ya. SenyutaTatjana I. JurkevičaVolodymyr S. Makarchuk
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.004RESTRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF SUPREME AUDIT AGENCY IN SUPERVISING STATEOWNED ENTERPRISES?
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7414
<p>Many parties have questioned the existence of the State Audit Agency to supervise State-Owned Enterprises. The Indonesian Constitutional Court decided on verdicts 62/PUU-XI/2013 and 26/PUU-XIX/2021 regarding the position of the Supreme Audit Agency as the external supervisor of State-Owned Enterprises. This study compares how Indonesia and Hungary, two countries that follow the civil law system, place the Supreme Audit Agency (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan and Állami Számvevőszék) in their legal system. Moreover, this paper explores and confronts the legal doctrines and legislations of the two countries in auditing and strengthening the corporate governance of public companies. In conclusion, this study explains that Indonesia and Hungary regulate Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan and Állami Számvevőszék in their Constitutions as the fundamental law and further regulate it in the Act as a complementary law. Both countries used the Board or Collegiate model of audit institution and assigned the Supreme Audit Agency as a protector of state assets by preventing fraud and strengthening good corporate governance in the management of State-Owned Enterprises.</p>
PUBLIC LAWHidayatullohÉva Erdős
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.003THE POSSIBILITIES OF COMBATING SO-CALLED DISINFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND OF CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7413
<p>Freedom of expression and the right of access to and use of information are fundamental human rights that are crucial for the functioning of democracy but also, for example, for the exercise of freedom of thought and scientific research. At present, the public debate on the need to combat so-called disinformation, to create a legal framework for its suppression and, if necessary, even to punish it, including the application of criminal repression, has gained momentum. This complex topic is not only discussed at the national level – it is a global issue. The invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has opened up discussions in this area with new intensity, both in the Member States of the European Union and in the Union itself. This is not a simple issue, because the fight against disinformation and fake news borders very closely on the issue of censorship. All these issues are the subject of the present article, which focuses on the law and decisions of the European Union, the Republic of Poland and the Czech Republic. Restricting and blocking selected websites for political reasons is new in the EU Member States. This is also why the necessary debate on the nature and permissibility of such measures has not yet developed. The present article aims to contribute to this discussion, both from a comparative point of view and by presenting the details of the legal regulation in the Czech Republic in the context of EU law and in comparison with the legal systems of selected member states of the European Union.</p>
PUBLIC LAWJan Kudrna
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.002THE DUTY OF DISCLOSURE AS A BASIS FOR FAIR INVESTMENT ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7412
<p>The duty of disclosure is a fundamental precondition of fair arbitration proceedings. Though the importance of this duty in investment arbitration is obvious, its content and application pose various questions which require complex analysis. The lack of common binding sources of the duty of disclosure leads to practical difficulties and may curb the effectiveness of arbitration proceedings and lead to successful challenges of arbitral decisions. The question arises as to which relevant information and circumstances arbitrators shall disclose to the parties and how. This research aims to reveal the standards for arbitrators to reveal information which may be relevant for ensuring the fairness of arbitration proceedings and how this duty should be exercised. The authors analyze the relevant rules on the duty of disclosure in the rules of arbitration and case law. Special attention is drawn to the protection of the right to a fair trial. The authors find that though there are no generally accepted standards of the exercise of the duty of disclosure in investment arbitration proceedings, arbitrators shall reveal to the parties all information which may be relevant to assess their impartiality. Furthermore, the exercise of this duty is continuous during arbitration proceedings. The latest development of the case law of the European Court on Human Rights in the Beg S.p.a. v. Italy case reveals the practical problems of the application of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights in arbitration proceedings, and also highlights the importance of the proper exercise of the duty of disclosure in arbitration proceedings.</p>
INTERNATIONAL LAWDalia VišinskytėJelena ČuveljakRemigijus Jokubauskas
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-12-212022-12-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.12.001CERTIFICATION AS A REMEDY FOR RECOGNITION OF THE ROLE OF AI IN THE INVENTIVE PROCESS
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7135
<p>Artificial Intelligence and its subfield Machine Learning have considerable potential to improve the welfare of humans. Due to the specifics of Artificial Intelligence and its enhancing capabilities, there is an increasing incentive to innovate if the role of Artificial Intelligence in the inventive process is recognized not solely as a tool under the patent legal framework. Nonetheless, since the concept of an “inventor” is traditionally attributed to natural persons, there is no consensus on whether the mentioned term should be interpreted as a living instrument. This article focuses on interpreting the concept of an “inventor” under the patent legal framework. It outlines the potential approaches to address an incentive to innovate if the role of Artificial Intelligence in the inventive process not only as a tool is reflected. The main argument developed in the article is that proposals to amend the patent legal framework to address the issue might not be as preferred as introducing the certification system instead.</p>
PRIVATE LAWLiva Rudzite
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-06-212022-06-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.06.009AMICABLE DISPUTE RESOLUTION AT COURT: CONCILIATION HEARINGS, THE AUSTRIAN AND GERMAN PERSPECTIVES
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7134
<p>Both the Austrian and German civil procedures deploy an intra-court conflict resolution proceeding that follows the principles of a mediative conciliation process. The decisive difference between the two institutions cannot be found in the name, but in the fact that the German initiative is already legally enshrined, whereas in Austria, it is still assumed to be a project. For this reason, contrasts between the two approaches can be found in the legal qualification and the procedure of court conciliation, as well as in the legal classification, role and function of the conciliation judge. In both cases, however, conciliation proceedings at court convey the idea that there is a hidden solution in almost every conflict that is profitable for all parties. It is never too late to seek such a solution in any phase of conflict management, even in the judicial environment. A conciliation hearing at court brings movement into deadlocked conflicts by the conciliation judge gathering facts together with the parties and trying to shed light on the underlying interests to facilitate comprehensive conflict management tailored to the parties involved, and thus finally solving the overall conflict. Judges take on this role of a conciliation judge in addition to their in-court settlement work in standard proceedings. This article aims to compare the legal situation in the two countries, address the two approaches of introducing the method of the conciliation process at court, analyse the scope of their legal regulation, as well as to discuss questions about their successful practical implementation in the organisational framework and to reveal the role, standing, and training of conciliation judges.</p>
PRIVATE LAWSascha Ferz
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-06-212022-06-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.06.008ELECTRONIC VOTING IN ADOPTING RESOLUTIONS OF LIMITED COMPANIES: THE EXAMPLE OF ESTONIAN LAW
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7133
<p>In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis that began in 2020, countries all over the world had to develop new solutions in legislation to replace various traditionally physical operations with digital solutions. Estonia, with rules in the field of company law and in holding shareholders’ meetings, was no exception. In May 2020, new regulation was introduced into Estonian law, allowing shareholders to participate in meetings using digital means. Although electronic voting itself was already allowed under Estonian law before 2020, the new situation raised a number of legal issues. This article addresses these issues and possible solutions with regard to the legal perspective of electronic voting. As the law does not contain precise requirements for holding an electronic vote, there are many aspects that must be considered in order to comply with the general principles of company law, e.g., how to identify the person giving their vote, and how to ensure the security and reliability of electronic voting. Based on the analysis in this article, the procedure must ensure the identification of shareholders as well as the reliability of casting votes, but must also be proportionate for achieving these aims.</p>
PRIVATE LAWMaris Vutt
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-06-212022-06-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.06.007LEGAL COOPERATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS: THIRTY-YEARS’ EXPERIENCE OF THE BALTIC STATES
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7132
<p>This article overviews the 30 years of experience of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia in developing national systems of legal cooperation in criminal matters. In order to reveal individual experiences of the three States, the developments of law and practice of each State from the re-establishment of its independence to the present day are covered in separate sections of the article. For this purpose, experiences related to the development of national laws are presented over two time periods – before and after membership in the European Union. The experience of each State in concluding different international agreements on legal cooperation in criminal matters is also discussed. Considerable attention is paid to the implementation of the secondary legislation of the European Union, such as Council framework decisions and directives. Irrespective of the membership of the Baltic States in the European Union and the areas of freedom, security and justice developed in this area on the basis of the principle of mutual recognition, the system of cooperation with third countries retains its particular relevance and is also analysed in this article. In order to reveal the positive and negative experience of each State in this area after the re-establishment of independence, an analysis is conducted of both national and international legislative provisions. The article also highlights and explores the main transformation trends of international legal cooperation in criminal matters in an effort to create fast and smooth criminal proceedings in line with the highest standards of human rights protection, where much importance and significance is attributed to legal cooperation both within the European Union and in relationships with third countries.</p>
PUBLIC LAWAndrius NeveraSandra KaijaKaie Rosin
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-06-212022-06-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.06.006THE CRIMINALIZATION OF VOLUNTARY INCESTUOUS INTERCOURSE BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE NUCLEAR FAMILY IN THE BALKANS
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7131
<p>The aim of this paper is to assess whether the legal definitions used by some European legislators to criminalize voluntary incestuous intercourse are in line with the results of the most recent studies. As we are about to show, incest has for centuries been a taboo topic and the subject of cautionary tales. Given that available studies clearly prove that incestuous relationships more often than not have negative effects on both the participants and their offspring, this paper does not call into question the necessity of having such norms, but rather the manner in which such a legislative policy is to be carried out. By comparing the criminal law norms used by Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia, this paper provides a comparative insight regarding the rationale behind the criminalization of such relationships in the Balkans and the surrounding area.</p>
PUBLIC LAWTeodor Manea
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-06-212022-06-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.06.005SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS – THE ABSENCE OF LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO
https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/7130
<p>According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, all persons are equal before the law and no one shall be discriminated against on the grounds of sexual orientation, or any other personal status. Furthermore, the Kosovo Constitution leaves open the possibility that members of the LGBT+ community can even use their right to marry, as it provides that everyone has the right to marry and create a family. However, this provision refers to Family Law in all matters relating to marriage and divorce. On the other hand, the Family Law of the Republic of Kosovo recognizes only the marriage of two persons of different sexes. Related to this, the law provides that marriage is a legally registered community of two persons of different sexes. Moreover, the Family Law does not recognize civil unions or domestic partnerships, and these are not regulated by any special law here. In contrast to Family Law, the Criminal Law of Kosovo includes articles that protect persons of the LGBT+ community. This paper will also consider a comparative approach towards the legislative framework of other former Yugoslav States regarding same-sex relationships.</p>
PUBLIC LAWEgzonis HajdariAlbulena Hajdari KrasniqiÍbrahim Ömer
Copyright (c) 2022 International Comparative Jurisprudence
2022-06-212022-06-2110.13165/j.icj.2022.06.004